This study analysed data from the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey to investigate the relationship between family structure and child health. This nationally representative household survey sampled 502 children (5–14 years) of sole mothers and 1,281 children of partnered mothers. Children of sole mothers were 1.26 times as likely as children of partnered mothers to return a low physical health summary score. Adjusting for maternal health and family socioeconomic disadvantage eliminated this weak association (which in any case was of borderline statistical significance). Children of sole mothers were more than twice as likely as children of partnered mothers to return a low psychosocial health summary score, adjusting for demographic variables only.