US researchers have proposed a mixed-data formative assessment for measurement of institutional racism in academic health centres, with a view to enabling antiracist strategic planning and decision making over time. The assessment provides a composite score of racism on three levels – individual, intra-organisational and extra-organisational. It includes qualitative components at each level, for example randomised patient interviews, observations and evaluations of academic health centre operations from students and community health workers at the intra-organisational level, and local, regional and government policy analysis at the extra-organisational level. The researchers suggested that assessment be undertaken annually.